Dental crowns – often called “caps” – are full-coverage restorations that encase an entire tooth above the gumline. They are used when a tooth is weakened by decay, fractures, large fillings, or root canal therapy. Crowns restore structural integrity, protect against further damage, and recreate the natural anatomy and shade of adjacent teeth.

Types of Crowns

1. Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM)

• Pros: Combines the strength of a metal substructure with the aesthetics of porcelain.
• Cons: Potential for a dark line at the gum margin over time; slightly less translucent than allceramic.

2 . All-Ceramic / All-Porcelain

• Pros: Superior aesthetics with lifelike translucency; biocompatible, metal-free.
• Cons: Traditionally less fracture-resistant than PFM, though modern ceramics (zirconia, lithium disilicate) have narrowed the gap.

3 . Full-Contour Zirconia

• Pros: Exceptional strength to withstand occlusal forces; suitable for posterior and bruxism patients.
• Cons: Opaque nature may require layering of porcelain for anterior aesthetics.

4 . Gold Alloys

• Pros: Excellent durability and wear compatibility; minimal opposing tooth wear.
• Cons: Gold color—used primarily in nonesthetic posterior areas.

5 . Hybrid / Layered Crowns

• Pros: Combines a strong zirconia core with a veneering porcelain layer for both strength and esthetics.
• Cons: Risk of porcelain chipping if not properly managed.

Indications for Crowns

• • Teeth with extensive decay or large existing restorations where direct fillings are insufficient.

• • Fractured or cracked teeth requiring full coverage to prevent propagation.

• • Teeth following root canal therapy that need reinforcement.

• • Cosmetically compromised teeth—severe discoloration, wear, or irregular shape.
  • Abutments for bridges or implant-supported crowns.

Longevity & Considerations

• • Durability: 10–15+ years for PFM and all-ceramic; zirconia may exceed 15 years.

• • Risks: Margin leakage if hygiene is poor; porcelain chipping with heavy forces; potential for
    root fracture if unchecked occlusion.
  • Alternative Options: Onlays for less extensive coverage; veneers for anterior-only aesthetics.